forgive me for using C&P but i feel these would be the best for giving you a fairly wide spread amount of info on the questions you asked :/
Everything you need to know in General About the Fighting Area of the Game
Damage Protection and Newb Protection
How Battles work.RTF
How battles Work.PDF
Rules And restriction on attacking
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GC Battle Formula (GC)
Damage = ( (Weapon1 -Shield1*) + (Weapon2 -Shield2*) + (Weapon3 -Shield3*) + (Weapon4 -Shield4*) ) x Fleet Attitude
Weapon1 - Shield1 means the damage caused by weapon1 minus the abortion rating of shield1. For example, if weapon1 is 100, and the shield rating is 50%, then:-
Weapon1 - ( Weapon1 x Shield1% ) = Net Damage
100 - (100 x 50/100) = 50
Fleet attitude determines how much damage the attacker and defender`s fleet will sustain. Careful attitude will result in a reduced weapons effectiveness that then results in a lower casualty rate. Fleet attitude can be seen below:-
Careful
-50% Attacker efficiency
-50% Defender efficiency
Normal
-5% Attacker efficiency
Normal Defender efficiency
Aggressive
+75% Attacker efficiency
+99% Defender efficiency
Notes:
Weapon1 = Energy Weapon
Weapon2 = Kinetic Weapon
Weapon3 = Missile Weapon
Weapon4 = Chemical Weapon
Shield1 = Energy Shield
Shield 2 = Kinetic Shield
Shield 3 = Missile Shield (ECM)
Shield 4 = Chemical Shield